Most of the Indian Population, nearly 70% depends upon agricultural income. Though total agriculture income contributes to just 13% of GDP. Hence, it is clear that a lot of work is to be done to improve the agriculture sector. New machines, tools, and innovations are needed for our agriculture sector. Mainly, our farmers are trapped in loan repayment cycles. When they are not able to repay the loan, trouble starts with increasing interest every day. The dependency on monsoon, lack of modern facilities, and poor rates in the market make our farmers very sad. The government these days is quite helpful and offering them basic facilities and providing subsidies but still happiness to farmer is a far cry. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna and various other initiatives are OK, but not to the full satisfaction of farmers at large.
Main Hurdles: Increasing Population and decreasing land area for cultivation. Frequent Climatic changes and a large number of farmers dependent on rain only. Protection from weeds, Pests, and wild animals is also a big issue. A large number of farmers borrow loans, and the worst type of loan is from moneylenders.
Only 44% of agricultural land is having irrigation facility. 56% land depends on natural resources i.e. rain.
We utilise only 20% of the total rainwater.
Green revolution- production of cereals, wheat and leguminous plants. White revolution- Milk production and dairy. The father of this revolution is Dr Verghese Kurien, Silver Revolution- Eggs and Poultry. Yellow for edible oils, Blue for Fishery, Pink for Meat and Poultry processing, and Saffron for renewable energy.
Nearly 63% of land holdings is in the hands of small and marginal farmers.
DLRMP- The Digital India Land Records Modernisation Program was launched by the Indian Government in Aug 2008. This program is based on 1. Single window to handle land records. 2. The mirror principle-that cadastral records ( maps, especially for tax purposes) mirror the ground reality. 3. the curtainll principle which indicates that the record of title is a true depiction of ownership status, mutation is automatic following registration, and reference to records is not necessary. 4. Title insurance guarantees for its correctness and indemnity.
Agriculture employs 52% people in India and sustains 60% population.
Post Indian history of agriculture- Phase I- 47-64 Infrastructure development on scientific agriculture. establishing of several universities for agriculture. Phase II 65-85 reap the benefits of phase one, particularly in irrigation. 85-2000 phase III- technology innovation and oil seeds production. Phase IV- 2001 onward, technology extension and production fatigue.
The period 1990 sawa large number of suicides of farmers.
types of agricultural risks 1. Production risk (monsoon gamble), uncontrolled weather, pests, and diseases. 2. Risk of Perishability 3. Price or market risk 4. Financial or credit risk. 5. Institutional risk (unexpected change in government rules). 6. Technology /Information risk 7. personal risk (household risk like marriages, drought etc.).
Risk Management Strategies and coping mechanisms ante (before the occurrence of risk) and Ex Post (after the risk has occurred). The World Bank further classifies strategies as informal and formal mechanisms from 2000/2001
Informal Mechanism- Crop diversification, Inter/Mixed Cropping, Staggered Planting (EX ANTE INFORMAL)
POST INFORMAL- – SALE OF ASSETS, EATING A MEAL IN A DAY, MIGRATION TO URBAN AREA, DEFERRED MARRIAGE, BORROWINGS.
2. FORMAL MECHANISMS – EX ANTE- GOVERNMENT HELPS- HINTS, SUPPLY OF QUALITY AGRICULTURE INPUTS, SUBSIDIES, DRIP IRRIGATION ETC. WEATHER FORECAST.
COPING MECHANISMS- CROP INSURANCE AND PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT BY THE GOVERNMENT.
MNAIS- MODIFIED NATIONAL AGRICULTURE INSURANCE SCHEME IN 50 SELECTED DISTRICTS OF INDIA. CROP INSURANCE IN INDIA STARTED I 1980 BY THE GOVERNMENT. YIELD-BASED CROP INSURANCE IN 1985, THEN WEATHER-BASED CROP INSURANCE SCHEME. PRADDHANMANTIRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA IN FEB 2016, IN 2025 NINTH ANNIVERSARY. ALL OUR SCHEMES TOGETHER WE INSURE 25% BUT THE TARGET IS 50%. FRUIT CROP ESTIMATES 61.88 LAKH HECTARES. SECOND ALTERNATE IS msP.
PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJNA- WAS MODIFIED AS RWBCIS (RESTRUCTURED WEATHER-BASED SCROP INSURANCE) COVERS HAIL STORM, DROUGHT, DISEASE, PESTS, ETC. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND DRONE TECHNOLOGY IS USED.
In 1972, experimental crop INSURANCE WAS TRIALLED AND CONTINUED UP TO 1978 AS A PILOT PROJECT. COVERED 3110 FARMERS PREMIUM 4.54 LAKH AND CLAIMS OF 37.88 LAKHS.
PCIS PILOT CROP INSURANCE SCHEME WAS LAUNCHED BY GIC IN 1979 ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF PROF VM DANDEKAR, AREA-BASED APPROACH. VOLUNTARILY. CASH-LESS, PAPER-LESS.
NAIS IN ALL STATES AND UTs PREMIUM 3.5 FOR KHARIF BAJARA AND 2.5 FOR OIL SEEDS, RABI 1.5 FOR WHEAT AND 2 FOR OTHERS.
REVENUE-BASED FARM INCOME SCHEME. STARTED FROM RABI 2003-04 AGAINST YIELD FLUCTUATIONS. RICE AND WHEAT. 75% SUBSIDY BY GOVT. AIC IN 2002/03 FROM 20 DEC
SHARES GIC 35%, NABARD 30, PUS 8.25 MENDATE FOR NAIS.
FATHER AND MAIN ARCHITECT OF WHITE REVOLUTION.
